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T 2230/10 - Linguistic in nature


In this opposition appeal, the applicant appealed against the decision of the Examining Division refusing European patent application as contravening i.a. Articles 52(1) and 56 EPC.

In the appeal, the appellant requested that the decision under appeal be set aside and that a patent be granted on the basis of the claims of the main request (or on the basis of the auxiliary requests).

Claim 1 of the main request reads as follows:

"A method of enabling a user to query an electronic document base, the method comprising the steps of:
- allowing a user to enter query words;
- generating one or more additional keywords based on a profile of the user; and
- searching in an electronic document base for documents that match the combination of query words and additional keywords,
characterized by further comprising the steps of:
- generating a set of concept keywords based on the results of the search; and
- storing the set of concept keywords in a dynamic part of the profile of the user."

The main issue in this appeal is whether the characterizing portion is of technical nature and thus has a technical effect. In its preliminary opinion, the Board appeared to be skeptical.
Reasons for the Decision
1. The appeal complies with the provisions referred to in Rule 101 EPC and is therefore admissible.

2. The invention

2.1 The invention relates to retrieval of information from an electronic document base on the basis of search queries. The application inter alia explains that if a search query is not very precise, a large percentage of the results returned by existing search engines will not be relevant to the user. The invention hence aims to improve the quality of returned search results by making search queries more precise. To this end, it keeps track of the context in which the user is searching, and it uses this context to supplement query words entered by the user with "additional keywords".

2.2 The search context is tracked by means of a user profile which comprises a static part and a dynamic part. The static part represents the user's long-term interests and is initialised, for example, on the basis of information provided by the user about his or her fields of interest. The dynamic part is intended to reflect the user's current focus. It contains "concept keywords" that are generated on the basis of the results returned by his or her previous searches.

2.3 The description of the application does not contain much detail on how the static and dynamic parts of the user profile are represented, nor on how additional keywords and concept keywords are generated. At the oral proceedings, the appellant submitted that, as stated on page 5, lines 18 to 21, the relevant algorithms were all known from the literature.

3. Main request - inventive step

3.1 Document D1 relates to a method of selecting additional search terms to be added to a search query on the basis of a user profile and the terms of the query in order to improve "retrieval effectiveness" (see title, abstract, and page 232, left-hand column, second full paragraph, to page 232, right-hand column, up to "A preliminary experiment ..."). Document D1 hence discloses the features of the preamble of claim 1 in combination.

3.2 The user profile of document D1 comes in the form of a "concept (construct) dependence tree" created by means of "personal construct theory" involving active user participation (see abstract). In this approach, the user identifies "a vocabulary (concepts) that is natural to him/her" and rates documents from a learning set against the concepts identified (page 225, right-hand column, last paragraph). The user profile of document D1 is hence "static" in the sense of the present application.

3.3 The subject-matter of claim 1 of the main request differs from the method of document D1 in that the user profile further contains a "dynamic part" in which "concept keywords" are stored that are generated on the basis of the results of a search.

It follows from the description of the published application on page 4, lines 23 to 27, in combination with page 5, lines 22 to 26, that the (updated) dynamic part of the user profile is taken into account in the step of generating the "additional keywords" for the (next) query. For the assessment of inventive step, the Board will interpret claim 1 accordingly.

3.4 These distinguishing features modify the algorithm that is used to generate the keywords which are added to a search query before it is handed over to a search engine. In document D1, the additional keywords are generated on the basis of the query terms and a user profile which does not change between queries. In the present invention, the additional keywords are generated on the basis of the query terms and a user profile which comprises a portion containing "concept keywords" derived from the results returned by previous search queries.

Although abstract algorithmic features as such are excluded from patentability (Article 52(2)(c) and (3) EPC), they may provide a technical contribution to the extent that they interact with the technical subject-matter of the claim for solving a technical problem (see decision T 154/04, OJ EPO 2008, 46, reasons 5, under (F), and reasons 13).

3.5 In this respect, the appellant argued that the distinguishing features led to increased query specificity and thus addressed a technical challenge in the field of document retrieval. Some query terms denoted different concepts depending on the context. The term "processor", for example, might have the meaning of "food processor" in the context of cooking and of "microprocessor" in the context of computers. A search directed to such a query term might therefore return documents from different parts of the document repository and thereby return a larger amount of documents than if the search had been limited to one of the concepts. Search results comprising too many documents could be useless even if they included the relevant documents. An increase in query specificity was therefore a technical result already on its own.

In addition, an inherent consequence of increased query specificity in the context of information retrieval was that the search returned a reduced number of documents. That was a technical effect since the skilled person would immediately recognise the causal link with at least the following real tangible benefits:

- a reduction of bandwidth usage between the electronic document base and the presentation mechanism when communicating the results of the search;

- a lower load on the document retrieval mechanism, for example in the form of fewer hard disk drive seek and read operations; and

- reduced complexity for the presentation mechanism which, for example, would not need to provide a multi-page graphical user interface.

Referring to decisions T 27/97 of 30 May 2000, T 258/97 of 8 February 2002 and T 354/07 of 27 January 2010, the appellant argued that features causally linked to a technical effect could not be disregarded in assessing inventive step. Referring to decision T 928/03 of 2 June 2006, it submitted that the mere fact that non-technical aspects might be involved did not cancel out the technical effect of a reduced number of search results.

The appellant further submitted that increased query specificity led to different parts of the electronic document base being accessed and therefore had an effect on search complexity.

3.6 The Board notes that the determination of the claim features which contribute to the technical character of the invention is made, at least in principle (the question may in practice be left open for features which anyway are part of the closest prior art), without reference to the prior art (see T 154/04, supra, as explained in T 1358/09 of 21 November 2014, reasons 5.4). That the claimed invention might achieve better results than the method of document D1 is therefore in itself not an indication that the algorithmic modification is technical, although it may be important in the assessment of inventive step once technicality has been established. Technicality is hence more about control of technical parameters than about improvement.

3.7 Furthermore, while the appellant is correct that the case law of the boards of appeal generally recognises a technical contribution of non-technical features if they are causally linked to a technical effect, it is not the case that any physical change qualifies as a technical effect.

For example, in decision T 258/97 cited by the appellant, the board considered that changing a dialling and redialling sequence changed the operation of a communication apparatus and thus indisputably caused a physical effect, but that it was doubtful that changing the sequence had any technical effect in the sense of a physical effect which was purposively used in the solution of a technical problem (see reasons 6).

Similarly, in decision T 258/03, OJ EPO 2004, 575, the board admitted that certain features corresponding to the rules of an auction when performed in a server computer changed the overall state of that computer, but it did not regard this as a technical effect (reasons 5.4). Consequently, the fact that those auction rules eliminated certain data transmission delays when compared to the prior art did not contribute to an inventive step (reasons 5.7).

The other decisions cited by the appellant do not deviate from this approach.

3.8 The Board considers that, for the purpose of determining the technical contribution of the algorithm underlying the present invention, a physical effect resulting from a particular choice of additional keywords is only to be taken into account as a technical effect to the extent that the choice or, equivalently, the algorithm is based on technical considerations (cf. decision T 2035/11 of 25 July 2014, reasons 5.2.3).

3.9 At the oral proceedings, the appellant conceded that the insight that a query term might have different meanings depending on the query's context was of a non-technical linguistic nature, but in its view the linguistic considerations relevant to claim 1 were limited to that insight.

In the Board's view, the algorithm for selecting additional keywords underlying claim 1 is fully determined by considerations that are, in a broad sense, linguistic. The "context" determining the meaning of otherwise ambiguous query terms is a linguistic concept. That the context for a user's search query may be related to the user's long-term interests is similarly linguistic in nature. The Board considers that the same holds true for the idea that the context may be related to "concept keywords" derived from the results returned by previous queries, for example on the basis of the textual content of the returned documents.

3.10 The Board is aware that where the formulation of an algorithm can be "explained" as the outcome of a series of non-technical considerations, this does not rule out the possibility that the algorithm, in its claimed context, may also reflect certain technical considerations. But in the present case the Board is not able to identify any such considerations.

In particular, the algorithm does not reflect technical considerations regarding search complexity and the parts of the electronic document base which are being accessed (see point 3.53.5 , last paragraph). The application as filed in fact does not contain any details of the technical structure of the electronic document base and its associated search engine; so it cannot be seen how technical control over the functioning of those entities can be exercised through a suitable choice of additional keywords.

The Board also does not accept that the algorithm is based on technical considerations in that it has been purposively designed with a view to the relevance to the user of the search results obtained, as this relates to the cognitive content of the returned documents.

3.11 The Board concludes that the conceptual algorithm for generating additional keywords underlying claim 1 does not contribute to the technical character of the invention, so an inventive step can be present only in its technical implementation. Since the claim in this respect does not specify any details, and since the description of the application merely states that the required algorithms are known in the art (see page 5, lines 18 to 21, of the published application), it must be assumed that the skilled person would have no difficulty in implementing the steps of generating concept keywords based on the results of the search and generating additional keywords based inter alia on those concept keywords.

3.12 At the oral proceedings, the appellant attempted to draw an analogy with methods in the field of audio and video processing. However, such methods are typically not based on linguistic considerations.

3.13 It follows that the subject-matter of claim 1 lacks inventive step over the method of document D1 (Articles 52(1) and 56 EPC).

(...)

9. Conclusion

Since none of the requests on file is allowable, the appeal is to be dismissed.

This decision T 2230/10 (pdf) has European Case Law Identifier: ECLI:EP:BA:2015:T223010.20150703. The file wrapper can be found here. Photo "Grammar Is Tricky" by Matt Chan obtained via Flickr under CC BY 2.0 license (no changes made).

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